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Your dictionary for AI terms like LLM and RLHF
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What technical products actually do and why the companies that make them are valuable
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Technically

Making practical sense of software and AI.

AI
Recent Articles

How AI content detectors work

Learn how AI detectors work

I Let Claude Code Autonomously Run Ads for a Month

Applying the Ralph Wiggum loop to things other than writing code.

What's a datacenter?

What actually goes on inside the buildings propping up the US economy.

AI Reference

Loss Function

A loss function is something you design that tells the model when its answers are right and when they're wrong.

Transformers

Transformers are the neural network architecture that powers modern AI like ChatGPT, revolutionizing how models process language and other sequential data.

Terms

LLM

Large Language Models take in a prompt and generate text.

Loss Function

When training a machine learning model, a loss function is something you design that tells the model when its answers are right and when they're wrong.

All AI →
Analytics
Recent Articles

Databricks is apparently worth $100B. What do they even do?

What we should really be asking is “What does Databricks not do?”

What does Alteryx do?

Alteryx is a group of tools that helps business teams get insights out of their data, without needing to write any code.

What's a Data Migration?

Data migration is about transferring information (data) from one place to another.

Terms

Kafka

Apache Kafka is a framework for streaming data between internal systems.

Metric

When developers monitor their applications and infrastructure to make sure things run smoothly, they set up metrics to track specific points of performance: how fast an API request gets fulfilled, the percentage of requests that fail, or even what % of total processing capacity is a server using up.

Companies
Segment

Segment

Segment helps teams track their product and marketing data and send it to whichever tools it needs to go to.

OpenAI

OpenAI

OpenAI is the most popular provider of generative AI models like GPT-4.

All Analytics →
Databases
Recent Articles

Why do developers choose different types of databases?

An intro to how companies like Elastic, MongoDB, Snowflake, Confluent and AWS compete.

Terms

NoSQL

NoSQL databases are databases with no rules: you just throw your data in there and worry about it later.

Production database

The largest category of databases – both in terms of number of available options and total market size – is production databases.

Companies
MongoDB

MongoDB

MongoDB is a highly popular unstructured, NoSQL document database for powering your applications.

Elastic

Elastic

Elasticsearch is a popular open source database for storing and searching unstructured data.

All Databases →
DevOps
Recent Articles

A Beginner’s Guide to Bring Your Own Cloud

The profitable but challenging deployment model sweeping the nation.

What's documentation?

How companies like Stripe win by writing better product docs, and where platforms like GitBook can help.

Developers hate this one thing (all about code reviews)

A deep dive into why code reviews take so long, how AI tools like CodeRabbit are speeding them up, and what great teams do to ensure clean code.

Terms

DevOps

DevOps is a process (e.g. a bunch of key practices) that helps teams take software they’ve built and make sure it works well at scale.

Continuous deployment (CD)

CD is a philosophy around pushing your code to production: instead of giant, infrequent releases, it advocates many smaller changes, even multiple times per day.

Companies
Postman

Postman

Postman is a suite of tools that helps developers build, test, and use internal and external API endpoints.

Zapier

Zapier

Zapier helps business people make custom integrations between their favorite tools, without needing to write any code.

All DevOps →
Security
Recent Articles

ELI5: The CrowdStrike Outage

What actually happened from a technical perspective.

Terms

VPN

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) lets you route your internet access through a specialized server that keeps your sensitive information private.

Tokenization

Tokenization is one of the ways that backends protect sensitive information, like credit cards or social security numbers.

Companies
Snyk

Snyk

Snyk helps developers make sure that the code they're writing is secure.

Okta

Okta

Okta is an enterprise-focused identity provider: they take care of managing usernames, passwords, and permissions.

All Security →

"Technically has allowed me better bridge the gap between user problems and how our system works under the hood."

— Adelaide Hallowell

Latest
What's a Forward Deployed Engineer?

What's a Forward Deployed Engineer?

And why is every startup around following the Palantir model?

Sung Won ChungSung Won Chung

Recent

A Beginner’s Guide to Bring Your Own Cloud

The profitable but challenging deployment model sweeping the nation.

Will RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson

How AI content detectors work

Learn how AI detectors work

Christy BieberChristy Bieber

What are prediction markets?

What are prediction markets and how much revenue is Kalshi really making?

Sam SchneiderSam Schneider

I Let Claude Code Autonomously Run Ads for a Month

Applying the Ralph Wiggum loop to things other than writing code.

AI ReferenceSee all →

The guide to AI that you've been looking for. Click on any term for an in depth explanation.

InferenceInference is a fancy term that just means using an ML model that has already been trained.Instructional Fine-tuningInstructional fine-tuning is how you turn a pre-trained AI model – knowledgeable, but useless – into a helpful assistant that actually answers your questions.Pre-TrainingPre-training is the "undergrad degree" phase where the model builds its foundational knowledge and world model.TrainingTraining is the process of creating an AI model and teaching it how to actually do something useful.
What's a datacenter?

What's a datacenter?

What actually goes on inside the buildings propping up the US economy.

Will RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson
AI and the — em dash

AI and the — em dash

Finally, an explanation for why AI models can't seem to quit them.

Christy BieberChristy Bieber

How are companies using AI?

Enough surveys and corporate hand-waving. Let's answer the question by looking at usage data from an AI compute provider.

Kenny NingKenny Ning
AI and neuroscience

AI and neuroscience

AI models seem to approximate the brain, intentionally or otherwise.

Justin GageJustin Gage
CompaniesSee all →

What their products actually do and why they're so valuable.

AWSAWS
AWS is the premier cloud provider - they sell the infrastructure building blocks to build modern apps.
DockerDocker
Docker helps developers isolate their code and infrastructure in containers so things always run smoothly.
ElasticElastic
Elasticsearch is a popular open source database for storing and searching unstructured data.
PostmanPostman
Postman is a suite of tools that helps developers build, test, and use internal and external API endpoints.
GlossarySee all →

Quick explanations of the concepts you see every day.

API callsWhen you give an API a bunch of inputs to get the outputs you want, it’s called calling the API.ClientIn the context of software, client refers to the person or computer that's accessing an application.PaaSPlatform as a Service is a category of infrastructure products that makes life easier for developers: instead of managing infrastructure on their own, the vendor takes care of things like installing the right software, managing upgrades, and connecting databases.Production databaseThe largest category of databases – both in terms of number of available options and total market size – is production databases.

Video

Analyzing all 203 million trades on Kalshi

Analyzing all 203 million trades on Kalshi

Kalshi just raised a new round at an $11B valuation. How much revenue does their prediction market really make?

Sam SchneiderSam Schneider
Relationships are the moat

Relationships are the moat

What's the forward deployed engineer role, and why is every startup hiring them?

Sung Won ChungSung Won Chung
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Contributors

Christy BieberChristy BieberJustin GageJustin GageKenny NingKenny NingSachin BennySachin BennySam SchneiderSam SchneiderSung Won ChungSung Won ChungWill RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson

Learning Tracks

Curated collections of foundational articles to guide you through the basics of getting more technical at work.

AI, it's not that complicated ↗

How to understand and work effectively with AI and ML models and products.

  • How do Large Language Models work?

    Breaking down what ChatGPT and others are doing under the hood

  • What's RLHF?

    How AI models learned to stop being weird and start being helpful.

  • What's GPT-3?

    GPT-3 is a Machine Learning model that generates text.

  • What’s a data science notebook?

    Data Science Notebooks help data teams explore data with code.

Analyzing Software Companies ↗

The products and business models of leading software companies.

  • Databricks is apparently worth $100B. What do they even do?

    What we should really be asking is “What does Databricks not do?”

  • What does Snowflake do?

    Snowflake sells a powerful cloud data warehouse for analytics and data science teams.

  • What does OpenAI do?

    OpenAI is the most popular provider of generative AI models like GPT-4.

  • What does dbt do?

    dbt (no capitals) is a tool for transforming and organizing data in your warehouse.

Building Software Products ↗

How to make positive contributions to your product roadmap.

  • The top 5 things PMs should know about engineering

    Engineering and code basics that can make you a better PM to work with.

  • What's code?

    Code is step by step directions, but for computers.

  • What's the internet?

    A network of computers all connected to each other and sharing information.

  • What's cloud?

    Cloud is how companies rent infrastructure over the internet.

From Spreadsheets to Databases ↗

You've outgrown Excel, but you've got to put that data somewhere besides your parents basement.

  • The Beginner's Guide to Databases

    There are 300+ databases; what do they all do?

  • SQL for the rest of us

    If you’re not a data scientist but you have questions, you want to know SQL.

  • The Excel User's Guide to Databases: Schemas

    Why that schema change is going to take your engineers two weeks.

  • The Excel User's Guide to Databases: Migrations

    Why your feature is held up by a migration and why this is actually good.

How AI Models Actually Work ↗

How do these things actual work under the hood? What does it mean to train one? Is it more like going to the gym, studying for a test, or sleeping?

  • What is Machine Learning?

    How computers learn patterns from data: the foundation for everything from stock price prediction to ChatGPT.

  • How do Large Language Models work?

    Breaking down what ChatGPT and others are doing under the hood

  • How do you train an AI model?

    A deep dive into how models like ChatGPT get built.

  • The beginner’s guide to AI model architectures

    Unlike an onion, hopefully these neural network layers won't make you cry.

Working With Data Teams ↗

How to make positive contributions when working with analytics and data science teams.

  • How do product analytics work?

    Product analytics is how teams instrument and analyze data about their product usage.

  • What your data team is using: the analytics stack

    A deep dive into all of the tools that data teams use to do their work.

  • SQL for the rest of us

    If you’re not a data scientist but you have questions, you want to know SQL.

  • What's the Modern Data Stack?

    The new set of tools data teams use to get their jobs done.

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