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Your dictionary for AI terms like LLM and RLHF
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What technical products actually do and why the companies that make them are valuable
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The dictionary of software terms you've always wanted

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Technically

Making practical sense of software and AI.

AI
Recent Articles

What is Google doing with AI?

Inside Google's full-stack cloud bet, and how it differs from Microsoft and AWS.

How to use open-weight AI models

Picking a model, a harness, and where to run the thing.

What's going on with open-weight models?

How open-weight models went from a curiosity to great in 2 short years.

AI Reference

Reasoning

AI reasoning is how artificial intelligence systems solve problems, think through complex situations, and draw conclusions from available information.

Neural Network

Neural networks are the mathematical brains behind modern AI—think of them as simplified versions of how your actual brain processes information.

Terms

Training

Training is the process of creating and teaching an ML model how to do something.

Post-training

LLM post-training turns a model from a knowledgeable blob that produces rambling answers, into a helpful assistant.

All AI →
Analytics
Recent Articles

Databricks is apparently worth $100B. What do they even do?

What we should really be asking is “What does Databricks not do?”

Terms

Linear Regression

Linear Regression is an old school statistical method for predicting outcomes from a series of numbers.

Metric

When developers monitor their applications and infrastructure to make sure things run smoothly, they set up metrics to track specific points of performance: how fast an API request gets fulfilled, the percentage of requests that fail, or even what % of total processing capacity is a server using up.

Companies
Alteryx

Alteryx

Alteryx is a group of tools that helps business teams get insights out of their data, without needing to write any code.

Snowflake

Snowflake

Snowflake sells a powerful cloud data warehouse for analytics and data science teams.

All Analytics →
Databases
Recent Articles

Software Eng for Vibe Coders: Databases + Storage

Where your vibe coded app actually keeps its data, and how it might break when real users show up.

What does Turbopuffer do?

And what's going on in the category formerly known as vector databases?

Terms

ORM

An Object Relational Mapper is software that lets developers interact with their database in their programming language of choice – instead of SQL.

Production database

The largest category of databases – both in terms of number of available options and total market size – is production databases.

Companies
Algolia

Algolia

Algolia provides a set of tools that helps engineers build search functionality into their apps.

turbopuffer

turbopuffer

Turbopuffer is a search engine built on top of object storage (like AWS S3).

All Databases →
DevOps
Recent Articles

Software Eng for Vibe Coders: On Frontends + Backends

A new series to help non-engineers build products that can handle going viral.

What are code sandboxes?

Why coding agents need a safe place to play, just like we all do.

All about Infrastructure as Code

The deceptively simple text files that help you avoid huge mistakes when shipping software.

Terms

Package registry

A package registry is a public, trusted repository of open source software packages on the internet — the place your package manager actually downloads from.

Script

A script is a term developers use to refer to a file of code that does something scoped and specific: to be distinguished from an app or a system, which is probably many files and does a lot more.

Companies
Splunk

Splunk

Splunk is a tool for storing and searching logs, specifically focused on security.

Sentry

Sentry

Sentry helps developers diagnose and fix issues in their code.

All DevOps →
Security
Recent Articles

Software Eng for Vibe Coders: Auth + Security

How to make sure anyone on the internet can't just delete your app's data, and other security considerations.

Terms

VPN

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) lets you route your internet access through a specialized server that keeps your sensitive information private.

Tokenization

Tokenization is one of the ways that backends protect sensitive information, like credit cards or social security numbers.

Companies
Snyk

Snyk

Snyk helps developers make sure that the code they're writing is secure.

Okta

Okta

Okta is an enterprise-focused identity provider: they take care of managing usernames, passwords, and permissions.

All Security →

"Technically has allowed me better bridge the gap between user problems and how our system works under the hood."

— Adelaide Hallowell

Latest
The Vibe Coder's Guide to Deployment

The Vibe Coder's Guide to Deployment

How your app gets off your laptop and onto the real internet, and what to do when a deploy breaks.

David KrevittDavid Krevitt

Recent

What is Google doing with AI?

Inside Google's full-stack cloud bet, and how it differs from Microsoft and AWS.

Paolo PerronePaolo Perrone

Software Eng for Vibe Coders: Auth + SecurityFree

How to make sure anyone on the internet can't just delete your app's data, and other security considerations.

David KrevittDavid Krevitt

How to use open-weight AI models

Picking a model, a harness, and where to run the thing.

Will RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson

Software Eng for Vibe Coders: Databases + StorageFree

Where your vibe coded app actually keeps its data, and how it might break when real users show up.

David KrevittDavid Krevitt
AI ReferenceSee all →

The guide to AI that you've been looking for. Click on any term for an in depth explanation.

Fine TuningFine tuning is the process of taking a pre-trained AI model and specializing it for your specific use case.HallucinationAI hallucination is when AI models confidently generate information that's completely made up or wrong.Loss FunctionA loss function is something you design that tells the model when its answers are right and when they're wrong.Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)RLHF is the final training step that turns a knowledgeable but rambling AI into the helpful assistant you know and love.
What's going on with open-weight models?

What's going on with open-weight models?

How open-weight models went from a curiosity to great in 2 short years.

Will RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson
Software Eng for Vibe Coders: On Frontends + Backends

Software Eng for Vibe Coders: On Frontends + BackendsFree

A new series to help non-engineers build products that can handle going viral.

Justin GageJustin Gage
How do "computer use" agents work?

How do "computer use" agents work?Free

Why it's surprisingly challenging to let an LLM use a computer for you.

Tereza TizkovaTereza Tizkova
What is Rust?

What is Rust?Free

The fast, safe, super difficult to write programming language that’s finally getting its flowers.

Will RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson
CompaniesSee all →

What their products actually do and why they're so valuable.

PlaidPlaid
Plaid acts as an intermediary between apps (like Venmo) and your bank so that you can log in and share data securely.
SnowflakeSnowflake
Snowflake sells a powerful cloud data warehouse for analytics and data science teams.
StripeStripe
Stripe sells payments infrastructure for internet businesses: primarily, they help you bill your customers, process payments, and work with your payment data.
turbopufferturbopuffer
Turbopuffer is a search engine built on top of object storage (like AWS S3).
GlossarySee all →

Quick explanations of the concepts you see every day.

CloudCloud lets companies rent the servers (giant computers) they run their software on instead of buying them.DeployDeploying means updating the running version of your app with new codeiOS/AndroidThere are basically two big players for mobile: Android and iOS.KernelEvery operating system is built off of a kernel, which is the core of the OS, doing most of the hardware management.

Video

Analyzing all 203 million trades on Kalshi

Analyzing all 203 million trades on Kalshi

Kalshi just raised a new round at an $11B valuation. How much revenue does their prediction market really make?

Sam SchneiderSam Schneider
Relationships are the moat

Relationships are the moat

What's the forward deployed engineer role, and why is every startup hiring them?

Sung Won ChungSung Won Chung
Technically on YouTube →

Contributors

Afzal JasaniAfzal JasaniChristy BieberChristy BieberDavid KrevittDavid KrevittGarrett O'BrienGarrett O'BrienJustin GageJustin GageKenny NingKenny NingMatt HendersonMatt HendersonPaolo PerronePaolo PerronePaul IusztinPaul IusztinSachin BennySachin BennySam SchneiderSam SchneiderSarah Krasnik BedellSarah Krasnik BedellSung Won ChungSung Won ChungTereza TizkovaTereza TizkovaWill RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson

Learning Tracks

Curated collections of foundational articles to guide you through the basics of getting more technical at work.

AI, it's not that complicated ↗

How to understand and work effectively with AI and ML models and products.

  • How do Large Language Models work?

    Breaking down what ChatGPT and others are doing under the hood

  • What's RLHF?

    How AI models learned to stop being weird and start being helpful.

  • What's GPT-3?

    GPT-3 is a Machine Learning model that generates text.

  • What’s a data science notebook?

    Data Science Notebooks help data teams explore data with code.

Analyzing Software Companies ↗

The products and business models of leading software companies.

  • Databricks is apparently worth $100B. What do they even do?

    What we should really be asking is “What does Databricks not do?”

  • What does Snowflake do?

    Snowflake sells a powerful cloud data warehouse for analytics and data science teams.

  • What does OpenAI do?

    OpenAI is the most popular provider of generative AI models like GPT-4.

  • What does dbt do?

    dbt (no capitals) is a tool for transforming and organizing data in your warehouse.

Building Software Products ↗

How to make positive contributions to your product roadmap.

  • The top 5 things PMs should know about engineering

    Engineering and code basics that can make you a better PM to work with.

  • What's code?

    Code is step by step directions, but for computers.

  • What's the internet?

    A network of computers all connected to each other and sharing information.

  • What's cloud?

    Cloud is how companies rent infrastructure over the internet.

From Spreadsheets to Databases ↗

You've outgrown Excel, but you've got to put that data somewhere besides your parents basement.

  • The Beginner's Guide to Databases

    There are 300+ databases; what do they all do?

  • SQL for the rest of us

    If you’re not a data scientist but you have questions, you want to know SQL.

  • The Excel User's Guide to Databases: Schemas

    Why that schema change is going to take your engineers two weeks.

  • The Excel User's Guide to Databases: Migrations

    Why your feature is held up by a migration and why this is actually good.

How AI Models Actually Work ↗

Under the hood of today's powerful AI models: how they're trained, implemented, and otherwise used.

  • What is Machine Learning?

    How computers learn patterns from data — and why it’s the foundation for everything from stock prediction to ChatGPT.

  • How do Large Language Models work?

    Breaking down what ChatGPT and others are doing under the hood

  • How do you train an AI model?

    A deep dive into how models like ChatGPT get built.

  • The beginner’s guide to AI model architectures

    Unlike an onion, hopefully these neural network layers won't make you cry.

Software Engineering for Vibe Coders ↗

Your AI wrote the app. This is everything that happens after — where it runs, how it stays up, and what breaks first when real users show up. A six-part series, made with our friends at Railway.

  • Software Eng for Vibe Coders: On Frontends + Backends

    A new series to help non-engineers build products that can handle going viral.

  • Software Eng for Vibe Coders: Databases + Storage

    Where your vibe coded app actually keeps its data, and how it might break when real users show up.

  • Software Eng for Vibe Coders: Auth + Security

    How to make sure anyone on the internet can't just delete your app's data, and other security considerations.

  • The Vibe Coder's Guide to Deployment

    How your app gets off your laptop and onto the real internet, and what to do when a deploy breaks.

Working With Data Teams ↗

How to make positive contributions when working with analytics and data science teams.

  • How do product analytics work?

    Product analytics is how teams instrument and analyze data about their product usage.

  • What your data team is using: the analytics stack

    A deep dive into all of the tools that data teams use to do their work.

  • SQL for the rest of us

    If you’re not a data scientist but you have questions, you want to know SQL.

  • What's the Modern Data Stack?

    The new set of tools data teams use to get their jobs done.

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