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What technical products actually do and why the companies that make them are valuable
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The dictionary of software terms you've always wanted

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Technically

Making practical sense of software and AI.

AI
Recent Articles

AI, tractors and the productivity paradox

Where are AI's productivity gains hiding? What kitted out Model Ts can teach us.

What’s an inference provider?

How the rise of open source AI models is fueling the growth of a new infrastructure category.

I Let Claude Code Autonomously Run Ads for a Month

Applying the Ralph Wiggum loop to things other than writing code.

AI Reference

Inference

Inference is a fancy term that just means using an ML model that has already been trained.

Instructional Fine-tuning

Instructional fine-tuning is how you turn a pre-trained AI model – knowledgeable, but useless – into a helpful assistant that actually answers your questions.

Terms

Pre-training

When training an LLM, pre-training gives the model all the basic, foundational knowledge it needs to answer your prompts, by showing it lots and lots of examples of existing text from the internet.

Training

Training is the process of creating and teaching an ML model how to do something.

All AI →
Analytics
Recent Articles

Databricks is apparently worth $100B. What do they even do?

What we should really be asking is “What does Databricks not do?”

What does Alteryx do?

Alteryx is a group of tools that helps business teams get insights out of their data, without needing to write any code.

What's a Data Migration?

Data migration is about transferring information (data) from one place to another.

Terms

Data lake

A Data Lake is an unstructured place to put data. It’s usually meant for long term storage and infrequent querying.

Metric

When developers monitor their applications and infrastructure to make sure things run smoothly, they set up metrics to track specific points of performance: how fast an API request gets fulfilled, the percentage of requests that fail, or even what % of total processing capacity is a server using up.

Companies
Segment

Segment

Segment helps teams track their product and marketing data and send it to whichever tools it needs to go to.

Databricks

Databricks

Databricks sells a data science and analytics platform built on top of an open source package called Apache Spark.

All Analytics →
Databases
Recent Articles

Why do developers choose different types of databases?

An intro to how companies like Elastic, MongoDB, Snowflake, Confluent and AWS compete.

Terms

Metadata

Metadata is data about data (🤯).

Production database

The largest category of databases – both in terms of number of available options and total market size – is production databases.

Companies
MongoDB

MongoDB

MongoDB is a highly popular unstructured, NoSQL document database for powering your applications.

Confluent

Confluent

Apache Kafka is a framework for streaming real time data, and Confluent offers Kafka as a managed service.

All Databases →
DevOps
Recent Articles

A Beginner’s Guide to Bring Your Own Cloud

The profitable but challenging deployment model sweeping the nation.

What's documentation?

How companies like Stripe win by writing better product docs, and where platforms like GitBook can help.

Developers hate this one thing (all about code reviews)

A deep dive into why code reviews take so long, how AI tools like CodeRabbit are speeding them up, and what great teams do to ensure clean code.

Terms

Integration

Integrations are how two pieces of software talk to each other and share data

Production

Production is the live, ready, tested, public facing version of your app.

Companies
Postman

Postman

Postman is a suite of tools that helps developers build, test, and use internal and external API endpoints.

DigitalOcean

DigitalOcean

DigitalOcean is an independent infrastructure as a service provider; you can think of them as AWS or GCP, but for the people.

All DevOps →
Security
Terms

VPN

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) lets you route your internet access through a specialized server that keeps your sensitive information private.

Tokenization

Tokenization is one of the ways that backends protect sensitive information, like credit cards or social security numbers.

Companies
Snyk

Snyk

Snyk helps developers make sure that the code they're writing is secure.

Okta

Okta

Okta is an enterprise-focused identity provider: they take care of managing usernames, passwords, and permissions.

All Security →

"Technically has allowed me better bridge the gap between user problems and how our system works under the hood."

— Adelaide Hallowell

Latest
What's a Package Manager?

What's a Package Manager?

And why are AI labs buying them up?

Will RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson

Recent

AI, tractors and the productivity paradoxFree

Where are AI's productivity gains hiding? What kitted out Model Ts can teach us.

Sachin BennySachin Benny

When not to vibe codeFree

Should I ship something myself, or call in engineering help?

Sarah Krasnik BedellSarah Krasnik Bedell

What’s an inference provider?

How the rise of open source AI models is fueling the growth of a new infrastructure category.

Will RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson

I Let Claude Code Autonomously Run Ads for a MonthFree

Applying the Ralph Wiggum loop to things other than writing code.

AI ReferenceSee all →

The guide to AI that you've been looking for. Click on any term for an in depth explanation.

Context WindowA context window is how much data an AI model can hold in memory at once.Neural NetworkNeural networks are the mathematical brains behind modern AI—think of them as simplified versions of how your actual brain processes information.ParametersParameters are the learned "knowledge" stored inside AI models—the numerical values that determine how the model responds to inputs. TransformersTransformers are the neural network architecture that powers modern AI like ChatGPT, revolutionizing how models process language and other sequential data.

A Beginner’s Guide to Bring Your Own Cloud

The profitable but challenging deployment model sweeping the nation.

Will RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson
How AI content detectors work

How AI content detectors workFree

Learn how AI detectors work

Christy BieberChristy Bieber
What are prediction markets?

What are prediction markets?Free

What are prediction markets and how much revenue is Kalshi really making?

Sam SchneiderSam Schneider
What's a Forward Deployed Engineer?

What's a Forward Deployed Engineer?Free

And why is every startup around following the Palantir model?

Sung Won ChungSung Won Chung
CompaniesSee all →

What their products actually do and why they're so valuable.

AlteryxAlteryx
Alteryx is a group of tools that helps business teams get insights out of their data, without needing to write any code.
MongoDBMongoDB
MongoDB is a highly popular unstructured, NoSQL document database for powering your applications.
PlaidPlaid
Plaid acts as an intermediary between apps (like Venmo) and your bank so that you can log in and share data securely.
SentrySentry
Sentry helps developers diagnose and fix issues in their code.
GlossarySee all →

Quick explanations of the concepts you see every day.

JavaScriptJavaScript is the most popular programming language in the world.LinuxThe Linux operating system is a tiny fraction of the personal computer market: but it’s the default operating system for most servers in the cloud, and it’s getting more popular on personal computers too.PaaSPlatform as a Service is a category of infrastructure products that makes life easier for developers: instead of managing infrastructure on their own, the vendor takes care of things like installing the right software, managing upgrades, and connecting databases.Pre-trainingWhen training an LLM, pre-training gives the model all the basic, foundational knowledge it needs to answer your prompts, by showing it lots and lots of examples of existing text from the internet.

Video

Analyzing all 203 million trades on Kalshi

Analyzing all 203 million trades on Kalshi

Kalshi just raised a new round at an $11B valuation. How much revenue does their prediction market really make?

Sam SchneiderSam Schneider
Relationships are the moat

Relationships are the moat

What's the forward deployed engineer role, and why is every startup hiring them?

Sung Won ChungSung Won Chung
Technically on YouTube →

Contributors

Christy BieberChristy BieberJustin GageJustin GageKenny NingKenny NingSachin BennySachin BennySam SchneiderSam SchneiderSarah Krasnik BedellSarah Krasnik BedellSung Won ChungSung Won ChungWill RaphaelsonWill Raphaelson

Learning Tracks

Curated collections of foundational articles to guide you through the basics of getting more technical at work.

AI, it's not that complicated ↗

How to understand and work effectively with AI and ML models and products.

  • How do Large Language Models work?

    Breaking down what ChatGPT and others are doing under the hood

  • What's RLHF?

    How AI models learned to stop being weird and start being helpful.

  • What's GPT-3?

    GPT-3 is a Machine Learning model that generates text.

  • What’s a data science notebook?

    Data Science Notebooks help data teams explore data with code.

Analyzing Software Companies ↗

The products and business models of leading software companies.

  • Databricks is apparently worth $100B. What do they even do?

    What we should really be asking is “What does Databricks not do?”

  • What does Snowflake do?

    Snowflake sells a powerful cloud data warehouse for analytics and data science teams.

  • What does OpenAI do?

    OpenAI is the most popular provider of generative AI models like GPT-4.

  • What does dbt do?

    dbt (no capitals) is a tool for transforming and organizing data in your warehouse.

Building Software Products ↗

How to make positive contributions to your product roadmap.

  • The top 5 things PMs should know about engineering

    Engineering and code basics that can make you a better PM to work with.

  • What's code?

    Code is step by step directions, but for computers.

  • What's the internet?

    A network of computers all connected to each other and sharing information.

  • What's cloud?

    Cloud is how companies rent infrastructure over the internet.

From Spreadsheets to Databases ↗

You've outgrown Excel, but you've got to put that data somewhere besides your parents basement.

  • The Beginner's Guide to Databases

    There are 300+ databases; what do they all do?

  • SQL for the rest of us

    If you’re not a data scientist but you have questions, you want to know SQL.

  • The Excel User's Guide to Databases: Schemas

    Why that schema change is going to take your engineers two weeks.

  • The Excel User's Guide to Databases: Migrations

    Why your feature is held up by a migration and why this is actually good.

How AI Models Actually Work ↗

How do these things actual work under the hood? What does it mean to train one? Is it more like going to the gym, studying for a test, or sleeping?

  • What is Machine Learning?

    How computers learn patterns from data: the foundation for everything from stock price prediction to ChatGPT.

  • How do Large Language Models work?

    Breaking down what ChatGPT and others are doing under the hood

  • How do you train an AI model?

    A deep dive into how models like ChatGPT get built.

  • The beginner’s guide to AI model architectures

    Unlike an onion, hopefully these neural network layers won't make you cry.

Working With Data Teams ↗

How to make positive contributions when working with analytics and data science teams.

  • How do product analytics work?

    Product analytics is how teams instrument and analyze data about their product usage.

  • What your data team is using: the analytics stack

    A deep dive into all of the tools that data teams use to do their work.

  • SQL for the rest of us

    If you’re not a data scientist but you have questions, you want to know SQL.

  • What's the Modern Data Stack?

    The new set of tools data teams use to get their jobs done.

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